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OUR FLAG 




"Up with our banner bright, 

Sprinkled with starry light, 
Spread its fair emblems from mountain to shore, 

While through the sounding sky 

Loud rings the Nation's cry, — 
UNION and LIBERTY! ONE EVERMORE.'" 

— Oliver Wendell Holmes. 



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OUR FLAG 



ITS HISTORY AND ITS 
ANNIVERSARIES 

TOGETHER WITH A LIST OF PATRIOTIC DAYS 

AND HOLIDAYS — A CALENDAR 

OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

AND THE 

LAWS AND ETIQUETTE OF THE FLAG 



THE FLAG — THE COAT- OF- ARMS — 
AND THE GREAT SEAL • 

OF THE 

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS 



PREPARED BY THE 
SECRETARY OF THE COMMONWEALTH 






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" I pledge allegiance to my FLAG and to the 
republic for which it stands, one nation indivisible, 
with liberty and justice for all." 

/ 

MAY 21 1917 

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OUR FLAG 




N June, 177b, a Committee of Congress, accompanied 
by General Washington, called upon Betsy Ross 
of Philadelphia and engaged her to make a model 
flag from a rough drawing which was modified by 
General Washington in pencil, and who at Betsy 
Ross's suggestion substituted a five-pointed star for 
the star of six points which was in the original 
draft. The model made by Mrs. Ross was adopted as the 
official flag of the United States by Act of Congress passed on 
June 14, 1777. It consisted of thirteen stripes, alternate 
red and white, with thirteen white stars in a blue field. The 
thirteen stripes denote the thirteen original colonies; its red 
denotes courage; its white, purity; its blue, loyalty and devo- 
tion; and its stars, high aspirations and federal union. It em- 
bodies the purpose and history of the Government itself. It 
records the achievements of its defenders upon land and sea. 
It heralds the heroism and sacrifices of our Revolutionary fathers 
who planted free government on this continent and dedicated 
it to liberty forever. It attests the struggles of our army and 
the valor of our citizens in all the wars of the Republic. It has 
been sanctified by the blood of our best and bravest. It records 
the glorious work of Washington and the martyrdom of 
Lincoln. It has been bathed in the tears of a sorrowing people. 
It has been glorified in the hearts of a freedom-loving people, 
not only at home but in every part of the world. Our flag ex- 
presses the will of a free people and proclaims that they are 
supreme and acknowledge no earthly sovereign other than 
themselves. Veterans, no wonder you love that flag! God give 
it to all of us in our hearts that we may share with you that 
love, that reverence, and that same spirit of willingness to 
die for the star-spangled banner! 

— From an Address by Charming II. Cox, 

delivered on Flag Day, iqi6, at Haverhill, Mass. 

[3] 



... ' ■ :i :.!■ 



FLAG ANNIVERSARIES 

January 1-2, 1776. Grand Union Flag (British Union and Thirteen 
Stripes) hoisted over Washington's headquarters at Cambridge, Mass. This 
was the first real flag of the Colonies. 

February 8, 1776. Colonial Congressional Committee accepted naval 
flag, consisting of thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, with a rattle- 
snake diagonally across it. 

March 17, 1776. The first display of the Grand Union Flag in Boston 
was on the day that town was evacuated by the British. 

November 16, 1776. First foreign salute to an American flag. This 
was to the Grand Union Flag, and was given by the Dutch governor, 
DeGraaff, at the island of St. Eustatius to the brig, Andrea Doria, com- 
manded by Captain Robinson. 

June 14, 1777. First strictly American flag decreed by Congress. 
This flag displaced the British Union by thirteen stars, and the first flag of 
this design was made by Betsy Ross, at her home in Philadelphia. It 
contained thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, and thirteen white stars 
upon a blue field. 

June 14, 1777. Captain John Paul Jones appointed to the com- 
mand of the Ranger. It was Jones who first displayed the "Stars and 
Stripes'' on a naval vessel. It was also he who had previously first hoisted 
"the flag of America" on board the naval vessel Alfred in 1775. 

August 3, 1777. First display of the "Stars and Stripes" was over 
Fort Stanwix, N. Y. 

September 11, 1777. The American flag first carried in Battle at the 
Brandy wine. This was the first great battle fought after its adoption by 
the Continental Congress. 

January 28, 1778. First appearance on a foreign stronghold at 
Nassau, Bahama Islands. The Americans captured Fort Nassau from the 
British, and promptly raised the "Stars and Stripes." 

February 14, 1778. First foreign salute to the "Stars and Stripes." 
John Paul Jones entered Queberon Bay, near Brest, France, and received 
a salute of nine guns from the French fleet, under Admiral La Motte Piquet. 
Jones had previously saluted the French fleet with twenty-one guns. 

April 24, 1778. John Paul Jones achieved the honor of being the first 
officer of the American navy to compel a regular British man-of-war to strike 
her colors to the new flag. 



..:■ 



FLAG ANNIVERSARIES — Continued 

February 3, 1783. First appearance of the American flag in a British 
port by the ship Bedford of Massachusetts, which arrived in the river 
Thames, England, on this date. 

September 13, 1784. First displayed in China, by Captain John Green 
of the Empress, in Canton River. The natives said it was as beautiful as a 
flower, and the Chinese continued to call it the "flower flag" for many years. 

September 30, 1787 — August 10, 1790. The American flag com- 
pleted its first trip around the world, borne by the ship Columbia, sailing 
from Boston. 

January 13, 1794. American flag changed by Act of Congress 
owing to two new States (Kentucky and Vermont) being admitted to the 
Union. The flag now had two stars and two stripes added to it, making 
fifteen stripes and stars. This was the "Star Spangled Banner," and under 
this flag our country fought and won three wars to maintain her existence, 
the so-called naval war with France in 170,8; that with the Barbary States 
in 1 801-5; and that with England in 1812-15. 

January 26, 1813. U. S. Frigate Essex, first war-ship to fly the 
American flag in the Pacific, after rounding Cape Horn. The Essex 
destroyed British commerce in the Pacific to the amount of six millions of 
dollars. Built at Salem, Mass., and launched September 30, 1709. 

April 4, 1818. Congress by Act, decreed a return to the original 
thirteen stripes, and a star for every State in the Union to be added to the 
flag on the July 4th following a State's admission to the Union. This is the 
present law in relation to the flag. 

August 24, 1824. The " Stars and Stripes " were raised for the first time 
over the cupola of the Massachusetts State House on Beacon Hill on the occa- 
sion of the visit of Lafayette to Boston. 

August 10, 1831. The name "Old Glory" given to our national flag 
by Captain William Driver of the brig, Charles Doggert. The flag was pre- 
sented to the captain, and contained 1 10 yards of bunting. It is now said 
to be in the Essex Institute at Salem. 

October 18, 1867. First official display of the American flag in 
Alaska. On this day, at Sitka, the capital, the Russian flag was hauled 
down and the American flag run up before the barracks and in the presence 
of both Russian and American troops. 

[5] 






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PATRIOTIC DAYS IN MASSACHUSETTS 



Feb. 12. 
Feb. 22. 
March 17. 
April 19. 
April 27. 



Lincoln's Birthday. May 30. 

Washington's Birthday. June 14. 

Evacuation Day. June 17. 

Patriots' Day. July 4- 
Gen. Grant's Birthday. 



Memorial Day. 
Flag Day. 
Bunker Hill Day. 
Independence Day. 



OTHER DAYS ON 



Arbor and Bird Day. 
Labor Day. 
January 1, 1863. 
January 8, 181 5. 
January 15, 1865. 
February 8, 1862. 
February 16, 1862. 
February 18, 1865. 
March 7-8, 1862. 
March 9, 1862. 
April 3, 1865. 
April 3, 1865. 
April 6-7, 1862. 
April 29, 1862. 
May i, 1898. 
May 5-7, 1864. 
May 30, 1862. 
May 3 i-June 1 , 1 862. 
June 14, 1777. 
June 19, 1864. 
July 1, 1898. 
July 3( 1898. 
July 1-3, 1863. 
September 17, 1862. 
October 12, 1492. 
October 19, 1864. 
November 8, 1861. 
November 24, 1 863 . 
Dec. 15-16, 1864. 
December 20, 1864. 
December 20, 1620. 



WHICH THE FLYING OF THE FLAG 
IS SUGGESTED 
Last Saturday in April. 
First Monday in September. 
Emancipation Proclamation. 
Battle near New Orleans. 
Capture of Fort Fisher. 
Capture of Roanoke Island. 
Capture of Fort Donelson. 
Capture of Charleston, S. C. 
Victory at Pea Ridge, Ark. 

Battle of the Ironclads, Monitor and Merrimac. 
Capture of Petersburg. 
Capture of Richmond. 
Victory at Shiloh, Term. 
Capture of New Orleans. 
Battle of Manila. 
Battle of the Wilderness. 
Evacuation of Corinth. 
Victory of Fair Oaks. 

Adoption of Stars and Stripes as National Emblem. 
Battle between Kearsarge and Alabama. 
Battle of El Caney. 

Destruction of Cevera's Fleet at Santiago. 
Battle of Gettysburg. 
Victory at Antietam. 
Columbus discovered America. 
Battle of Cedar Creek. 
Evacuation of Port Royal. 
Battle of Lookout Mountain. 
Victory at Nashville. 
Evacuation of Savannah. 
Landing of the Pilgrims. 



PUBLIC HOLIDAYS IN MASSACHUSETTS 

WITH YEARS OF FIRST OFFICIAL CELEBRATION 



January 1 

February 22 

April 19 

May 30 ... 

July 4 

September, first Monday in 
October 12. 

November, by proclamation 
December 25 



New Year's Day . 
Washington's Birthday 
Patriots' Day 
Memorial Day 
Independence Day 
Labor Day . 
Columbus Day 
Thanksgiving Day 
Christmas Day 

[61 



1917 
1857 
1894 
1881 



1910 
1856 
1856 



!ii";!i 






FLAG HISTORY 



The Constitution is the basis of all law and the Flag is its Symbol. 

The AMERICAN FLAG, the emblem of our country, is 
the third oldest national flag in the world. It represents 
LIBERTY, and LIBERTY means OBEDIENCE TO LAW. 

The FLAG contains thirteen stripes, alternate red and 
white, representing the thirteen original States; and a star for 
each State in the Union. 

'The FIELD of the FLAG is the stripes?, the UNION is 
the blue and the stars. The colors of the FLAG are RED 
representing valor; WHITE representing hope, purity and truth; 
BLUE representing loyalty, sincerity and justice, and its stars, 
high aspirations and Federal Union. The FLAG is known as 
OLD GLORY, STARS AND STRIPES, STAR SPANGLED 
BANNER and the RED, WHITE AND BLUE. 

The arrangement of the stars on the FLAG is regulated 
by law.and executive order. An executive order, issued October 
26, 191 2, provided for forty-eight stars to be arranged in six 
horizontal rows of eight stars each. 

Starting in the upper left hand corner and reading each row 
from left to right, gives the star of each State in the order of the 
State's ratification of the Constitution and admission to the 
Union, as follows : — 

First Row — 1, Delaware; 2, Pennsylvania; 3, New Jersey; 
4, Georgia; 5, Connecticut; 6, MASSACHUSETTS; 7, Mary- 
land; 8, South Carolina. 

Second Row — 9, New Hampshire; 10, Virginia; 11, New 
York; 12, North Carolina; 13, Rhode Island; 14, Vermont; 
15, Kentucky; 16, Tennessee. 

[7] 






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Third Row — ij, Ohio; 18, Louisiana; 19, Indiana; 20, 
Mississippi; 21, Illinois; 22, Alabama; 23, Maine; 24, Mis- 
souri. 

Fourth Row — 25, Arkansas; 26, Michigan; 27, Florida; 
28, Texas; 29, Iowa; 30, Wisconsin; 31, California; 32, Minne- 
sota. 

Fifth Row — 33, Oregon; 34, Kansas; 35, West Virginia; 
36, Nevada; 37, Nebraska; 38, Colorado; 39, North Dakota; 
40, South Dakota. 

Sixth Row — 41, Montana; 42, Washington; 43, Idaho; 
44, Wyoming; 45, Utah; 46, Oklahoma; 47, New Mexico; 48, 
Arizona. 

The dimensions of the FLAG are fixed by an executive 
order issued May 26, 191 6. Its length should be just 1 .9 times its 
height. 

The union, or part of the FLAG on which the stars appear, 
should be seven stripes high and its length .76 of the height of 
the FLAG. The stars are five-pointed, with one point directly 
upward. 

When a new State is admitted the star is not added to the 
FLAG until the Fourth of July next succeeding the date of ad- 
mission. 

FLAG ETIQUETTE 

The FLAG should be raised at sunrise and lowered at sun- 
set. It may be raised at other times, but should never be left 
out at night, EXCEPT when it is under the fire of an enemy. 

On MEMORIAL DAY the FLAG should be displayed 
at half-staff from sunrise until noon, and at the peak from noon 
until sunset. 

In raising the FLAG to half-staff or half-mast, it should 
always be run to the peak and then lowered ONE BREADTH 



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OF THE FLAG. In retiring it, it should first be run back to 
the peak and then retired. It should never be allowed to touch 
the ground. 

When the "STAR SPANGLED BANNER" is played 
or sung, stand and remain standing, in silence, until it is finished. 

When the FLAG is passing on parade, or in review, if you 
are walking, halt; if sitting, rise, stand at attention and un- 
cover. 

The FLAG should never be worn as the whole or part of a 
costume. As a badge it should be worn over the left breast. 

In decorating, the FLAG should never be festooned or 
draped. Always hung flat. 

If hung so stripes are horizontal, Union should be in left 
upper corner. 

If hung perpendicularly, Union should be in right upper 
corner. 

When the NATIONAL FLAG and another flag fly from 
same pole there should be double halyards, one for each flag. 

The FLAG should never be placed below a person sitting. 

When carried in parade, or when crossed with other flags, 
the STARS AND STRIPES should always be at right. 

When the FLAG is used in unveiling a statue or monu- 
ment it should not be allowed to fall to the ground, but should 
be carried aloft to wave out, forming a distinctive feature during 
the remainder of the ceremony. 

When the FLAG is placed over a bier or casket, the blue 
field should be at the head. 

As an altar covering, the Union should be at the right as 
you face the altar, and nothing should be placed upon the 
FLAG except the Holy Bible. 

The FLAG should never be reversed except in case of dis- 
tress at sea. 



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FLAG LAWS 



THE FLAG OF THE COMMONWEALTH 

The flag of the commonwealth of Massachusetts shall bear 
on one side a representation of the coat-of-arms of the com- 
monwealth, as prescribed by section one of chapter two of the 
Revised Laws, upon a white field, and on the other side a blue 
shield bearing a representation of a green pine tree, upon a white 
field. (Chapter 229, Acts of igo8, as amended by Chapter 37, 
Acts of iQif.) 

THE OBSERVANCE OF FLAG DAY 

Resolved, That the governor shall annually set apart the 
fourteenth day of June as Flag Day, that date being the anni- 
versary of the adoption of the national flag by the continental 
congress in the year seventeen hundred and seventy-seven; 
and shall issue his proclamation recommending that the day be 
observed by the people of the commonwealth in the display 
of the flag and in such other ways as will be in harmony with 
the general character of the day. (Chapter 5, Resolves of ign.) 

THE DISPLAY OF THE NATIONAL AND STATE 
FLAGS ON STATE BUILDINGS 

The flag of the United States and the flag of the common- 
wealth shall be displayed on the main or administration building 
of each of the public institutions of the commonwealth. The 
flags shall be of suitable dimensions and shall be flown every 
day when the weather permits. The cost of such flags and of 
the necessary means for their display shall be paid from the 
appropriations for the several institutions. (Chapter 60, Acts 
of igog.) 

THE DISPLAY OF THE UNITED STATES FLAG 
ON SCHOOLHOUSES 

The school committee of every city and town shall provide 
for each schoolhouse in which a public school is maintained 
and which is not otherwise supplied, a United States flag of silk 



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or bunting not less than four feet in length, and suitable appa- 
ratus whereby the flag shall be displayed on the schoolhouse 
building or grounds every sehool day when the weather permits, 
and on the inside of the schoolhouse on other school days. Failure 
to observe this law for a period of five consecutive days upon 
the part of the master or principal in charge of the school at 
the time shall be punished by a fine of not more than five dollars 
for each period of five days of such negligence, unless such failure 
is caused by the school committee in not providing the said 
master or principal with a flag, in which case the said penalty 
shall be imposed on those directly responsible for the failure so 
to supply the said master or principal. Said penalty shall be 
imposed by any court of competent jurisdiction within the com- 
monwealth. (Chapter 232, Acts of igii.) 

MISUSE OF NATIONAL OR STATE FLAGS 

Whoever publicly mutilates, tramples upon, defaces or 
treats contemptuously the flag of the United States or of Mas- 
sachusetts, whether such flag is public or private property, or 
whoever displays such flag or any representation thereof upon 
which are words, figures, advertisements or designs, or who shall 
in this commonwealth expose to public view, manufacture, sell, 
expose for sale, give away or have in possession for sale or to 
give away or for use for any purpose, any article or substance, 
being an article of merchandise or a receptacle of merchandise 
or articles upon which shall be attached through a wrapping or 
otherwise, engraved or printed in any manner, a representation 
of the United States flag, shall be punished by a fine of not less 
than ten nor more than one hundred dollars; but a flag which 
belongs to a grand army post, to a camp of the legion of Spanish 
war veterans or which is the property of or is used in the service 
of the United States or of this commonwealth may have the 
names of battles and the name and number of the organization 
to which such flag belongs inscribed thereon. Words, figures, 
advertisements or designs attached to, or directly or indirectly 
connected with, the flag or any representation thereof in such 
manner that the flag or its representation is used to attract 
attention to or advertise such words, figures, advertisements or 
designs, shall for the purposes of this act be deemed to be upon 



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the flag. (Chapter 570, Acts of 1Q14.) Not to apply to publi- 
cations issued solely for the purpose of giving information in re- 
lation to the flag, or to publications issued solely for the purpose 
of promoting patriotism or encouraging the study of American 
history; but no words, figures, designs or other marks of any kind 
shall be placed upon the flag or any representation thereof. (Chap- 
ter 36, General Acts of 1916.) 

MISUSE OF FOREIGN FLAGS 

Whoever publicly mutilates, tramples upon, defaces, or 
treats contemptuously the flag or emblem of a foreign country 
at peace with the United States, whether such flag or emblem 
is public or private property, or whoever displays such flag or 
emblem or any representation thereof upon which are words, 
figures, advertisements or designs, shall be punished by a fine 
of not less than five nor more than fifty dollars. (Chapter iq?, 
Acts of 1912.) 

DISPLAY OF FOREIGN FLAGS OR EMBLEMS 
ON PUBLIC BUILDINGS 

Whoever displays the flag or emblem of a foreign country 
upon the outside of a state, county, city or town building or 
public schoolhouse shall be punished by a fine of not more than 
twenty dollars; but the provisions of this section shall not apply 
when a citizen of such foreign country becomes the guest of 
the United States or of this commonwealth, if the governor by 
proclamation authorizes the flag of the country of which such 
guest is a citizen to be displayed upon public buildings other 
than schoolhouses. (Section 6, Chapter 206, Revised Laws.) 



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CALENDAR OF AMERICAN HISTORY 

ARRANGED BY STEPHEN F. LITTLETON 

JANUARY 1, Emancipation Proclamation, 1863. 2, 
Georgia ratified Constitution of U. S., 1788. 3, Battle of Prince- 
ton, 1777. 4, Clarksville, Tenn., taken by Federals, 1863. 5, 
Battle of the Kegs, 1778. 6, Federal Expedition against Fort 
Fisher, 1865. 7, Israel Putnam, patriot, born, 1718. 8, Battle 
of New Orleans, 181 5. 9, Connecticut ratified Constitution of 
U. S., 1788. 10, Battle of Middle Creek, Ky., 1862. 11, Battle 
of Arkansas Post, 1863. 12, John Hancock, statesman, born, 
1737. 13, Battle of Point Pierre, 181 5. 14, Congress ratifies 
Treaty of Peace, 1784. 15, Federals take Fort Fisher, 1865. 16, 
Treaty with Samoa ratified, iqoo. 17, Benjamin Franklin, 
statesman, born, 1706. 18, Daniel Webster, statesman, born 
1782. 19, Battle of Mill Spring, 1862. 20, Commercial Treaty 
with Mexico, 1883. 21, Thomas J. Jackson, "Stonewall," born, 
1824. 22, Massacre River Raisin, 1813. 23, Battle of Encar- 
nacion, 1847. 24, Benjamin Lincoln, military officer of Revolu- 
tion, born, 1733. 25, Battle of Hawe Creek, Fla., 1842. 26, 
Virginia readmitted to Union, 1870. 27, Battle at Camp De- 
fiance, 1814. 28, Americans retire from Cowpens, 1781. 29, 
William McKinley, born, 1843. 30, Electoral Commission, 
chosen by Congress, 1877. 31, Thirteenth Amendment to Con- 
stitution passes Hotise of Representatives, 1865. 

FEBRUARY 1, United States takes possession of Guam, 
i8qq. 2, Treaty of Peace with Mexico, 1848. 3, Battle at Port 
Royal Island, 1779. 4, Peace Congress at Washington, 1861. 
5, Battle at Hatcher's Run, 1865. 6, Treaty of Alliance with 
France, 1778. 7, Roanoke Island bombarded, 1862. 8, William 
T. Sherman, born, 1820. 9, William Henry Harrison, President, 
born, 1773. 10, Treaty of Paris, ratified, 1763. 11, Alexander 
Hamilton Stephens, born, 18 12. 12, Abraham Lincoln, Presi- 
dent, born, i8oq. 13, Franklin argues in House of Commons, 
1766. 14, Battle at Anandale, 1863. 15, Battleship "Maine" 
blown up in Havana Harbor, i8q8. 16, Surrender of Fort Donel- 
son to Federals, 1862. 17, Treaty of Peace (war of 181 2) ratified 
by Congress, 181 5. 18, Federals enter Charleston, S. C., 1865. 
19, Freedmen's Bureau Bill vetoed, 1866. 20, Battle at Olustee 
Station, 1864. 21, Battle of Valverde, 1862. 22, George 
Washington, President, born, 1732. 23, Battle at Buena Vista, 
1847. 24, "Hornet" — "Peacock" naval battle, 181 3. 25, Denmark 
acknowledges Independence of U. S., 1783. 26, British ships 
sunk at Amboy, N. J., 1777. 27, Battle at Moores Creek Bridge, 
1776. 28, Battles of Chihuahua and Sacramento, 1847. 29, 
James Biddle, naval officer, born, 1783. 

[.3] 



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MARCH 1, Texas annexation resolution, approved, 1845. 
2, Battle at Fort Brooke, Fla., 1841. 3, U. S. declares war 
against Algiers, 181 5. 4, Constitution of U. S. went into effect, 

1789. 5, Boston Massacre, 1770. 6, Philip Henry Sheridan, 
born, 1 83 1. 7, Battle of Pea Ridge, 1862. 8, "Congress" and 
"Cumberland "sunk by "Merrimac," 1862. 9, "Monitor" — "Mer- 
rimac" naval battle, 1862. 10, Treaty with Mexico ending war, 
ratified, 1848. 11, Congress passes Act to establish a navy, 
1794. 12, Federals take Jacksonville, Fla., 1862. 13, Treaty 
with Great Britain to suppress slave trade, 1824. 14, Battle at 
Newbern, N. C, 1862. 15, Battle at Guilford C. H, 1781. 
16, West Point Military Academy organized, 1802. 17, British 
evacuate Boston, 1776. 18, Stamp Act repealed by Parliament, 
1766. 19, Battle at Bentonville, N. C, 1865. 20, American 
Army enters Boston, 1776. 21, Ku-Klux investigating com- 
mittee appointed, 1871. 22, Stamp Act passed by Parliament, 
1765. 23, "Hornet" — "Penguin" naval battle, 1815. 24, Spain 
recognizes Independence of U. S., 1783. 25, Battle at Fort 
Stedman, Va., 1865. 26, Embargo laid on all shipping, 1794. 
27, Battle of Tohopeka, 1814. 28, "Phoebe," "Cherub" and 
"Essex" naval battle, 1814. 29, John Tyler, President, born, 

1790. 30, Battle of LaColle Mills, 1814. 31, Battle of Five 
Forks, 1865. 



APRIL 1, Battle at Woodstock, Va., 1862. 2, Richmond 
evacuated by Confederates, 1865. 3, Union troops occupy 
Petersburg and Richmond, 1865. 4, Battle at Yorktown, Va., 
1862. 5, Federal siege of Yorktown, began, 1862. 6, First 
session of First Congress, meets at N. Y., 1789. 7, Battle of 
Shiloh, 1862. 8, Battle of Sabine Cross Roads, 1864. 9, Sur- 
render at Appomattox C. H., Va., 1865. 10, British besiege 
Charleston, N. C, 1780. 11, Federals take Pulaski, 1862. 12, 
First shot fired at Fort Sumter, 1861. 13, Battle of Bound 
Brook, 1777. 14, Fort Sumter evacuated by Federals, 1861. 
15, Behring Sea Treaty, 1895. 16, Federals pass Confederate 
batteries at Vicksburg, 1863. 17, Virginia secedes from Union, 
1 861. 18, Battle of Cerro Gordo, 1847. 19, Battles at Lexing- 
ton and Concord, 1775. 20T, War declared with Spain, 1898. 
21, Siege of Boston by Americans, began 1775. 22, Admiral 
Sampson's fleet sails for Cuba, 1898. 23, Battle at Fort Watson, 
1781. 24, British occupy Petersburg, Va., 1781. 25, Federals 
occupy New Orleans, 1862. 26, Confederate army under John- 
ston, surrenders, 1865. 27, Ulysses Simpson Grant, President, 
born, 1822. 28, Maryland ratified Constitution of U. S., 1788. 
29, Battle at Grand Gulf, Miss., 1863. 30, Washington in- 
augurated first president of U. S., 1789. 

[14] 



MAY 1, Battle of Manila Bay, i8q8. 2, Battle of Chan- 
cellorsville, 1863. 3, Battle of Fort Brown, 184b. 4, Army of 
the Potomac crosses the Rapidan, 1864. 5, Battle of Wilder- 
ness began, 1864. 6, Americans abandon siege of Quebec, 1776. 
7, Day of Thanksgiving at Valley Forge, 1778. 8, Battle of 
Palo Alto, 1847. 9, Battles near Spottsylvania, 1864. 10, Fort 
Ticonderoga captured, 1775. 11, War declared with Mexico, 
1846. 12, Crown Point captured, 1775. 13, Battle at Palo 
Pinto, Tex., 1865. 14, Battle at Jackson, Miss., 1862. 15, 
Battle at New Market, 1864. 16, "President" — "Little Belt" 
naval battle, 181 1. 17, Battle of Big Black River, 1863. 18, 
Federals begin siege of Vicksburg, 1863. 19, American Fleet 
sails for Algiers, 181 5. 20, Articles of Union and Confederation 
agreed upon, 1775. 21, North Carolina secedes from Union, 
1861. 22, Battle of Fort Ninety-Six, 1781. 23, Washington — 
Rochambeau conference, 1781. 24, Battle at Winchester, 1862. 
25, Battle of Fort George, 181 3. 26, Congress declares to fortify 
the Colonies, 1775. 27, Assault on Port Hudson, 1863. 28, 
Congress authorizes a Provisional Army, 1798. 29, Battle of 
Sackett's Harbor, 181 3. 30, Decoration or Memorial Day (Flag 
half-staff until noon and full-staff until sunset). 31, Battle of 
Fair Oaks, 1862. 

JUNE 1, Battle of Cold Harbor began, 1864. 2, Philip 
Kearny, military officer, born, 181 5. 3, Battle of Phillipi, 1862. 
4, Treaty of Peace with Tripoli, 1805. 5, Americans take 
Augusta, Ga., 1781. 6, Nathan Hale, patriot, born, 1755. 7, 
Resolutions of Independence adopted by Congress, 1776. 8, 
David D. Porter, born, 181 3. 9, Battle of Port Republic, 1862. 
10, Battle of Big Bethel, 1861. 11, Committee appointed by 
Congress to draw up Declaration of Independence, 1776. 12, 
American Army embarks for Cuba, i8q8. 13, Fugitive Slave 
Law repealed, 1864. 14, American Flag decreed by Congress, 
1777 (Flag Day). 15, Washington chosen commander-in-chief of 
Continental forces, 1775. 16, Petersburg assaulted by Federals, 
1864. 17, Battle of Bunker Hill, 1775. 18, War declared with 
Great Britain, 181 2. 19, "Kearsarge" — " Alabama" naval battle, 
1864. 20, Battle of Stono Ferry, 1779. 21, Battle of Daiquiri, 
Cuba, i8q8. 22, "Leopard" — "Chesapeake" naval battle, 1807. 
23, Battle of Springfield, 1780. 24, Battle at Las Guasimas, 
1898. 25, First of Seven Days' Battles, 1862. 26, Army of the 
Potomac crosses the Potomac, 1863. 27, Battle of Kenesaw 
Mountain, 1864. 28, Battle of Monmouth, 1778. 29, Battle 
at Savage's Station, 1862. 30, Battle of Glendale (Frazer's 
Farm), 1862. 

[15] 



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JULY 1, Battle of Malvern Hill, 1862. 2, Battle of San 
Juan Hill, 1898. 3, Battle of Gettysburg, 1863. 4, Declaration 
of Independence adopted, 1776. 5, Battle of Chippewa, 1814. 

6, John Paul Jones, naval officer, born, 1747. 7, Hawaii an- 
nexed to U. S., 1898. 8, French Fleet arrives, 1778. 9, Sur- 
render of Port Hudson, 1863. 10, Battle of Rich Mountain, 

1 861. 11, British evacuate Savannah, 1782. 12, Battle at 
Fort Stevens, 1864. 13, "Ordinance of 1787" adopted, 1787. 
14, Battle at Fayetteville, 1862. 15, Georgia readmitted to 
Union, 1870. 16, Stony Point captured, 1779. 17, Santiago, 
surrendered, 1898. 18, Battle at Fort Wagner, 1863. 19, 
Battle at Buffington Island, 1863. 20, Battles before Atlanta, 
began, 1864. 21, Battle at Bull Run, 1861. 22, Battle at De- 
catur, Ga., 1864. 23, Battle of Carloosahatchee, 1839. 24, 
John A. Dix, military officer, born, 1798. 25, Battle of Lundy's 
Lane, 1814. 26, "Association of Freemen of Maryland," 
adopted, 1775. 27, Atlantic telegraph completed, 1866. 28, 
Burlingame Treaty with China, 1868. 29, Battle at Sackett's 
Harbor, 181 2. 30, Assault upon Petersburg, 1864. 31, Terms 
of Parliament rejected by Congress, 1775. 

AUGUST 1, Third Battle at Kelly's Ford, 1863. 2, En- 
grossed Declaration of Independence signed, 1776. 3, Columbus 
sails from Palos, Spain, 1492. 4, Battle of Brownstown, 181 2. 
5, Battle of Mobile Bay, 1862. 6, Battle of Oriskany, 1777. 

7, Battle of Cumberland Gap, 1862. 8, Grant assumes com- 
mand in Missouri, 1861. 9, Battle at Cedar Mountain, 1862. 
10, Battle at Wilsons Creek, 1861. 11, Battle at Independence, 
Mo., 1862. 12, Peace Protocol signed (war with Spain), 1898. 
13, "Essex" — "Alert" naval battle, 181 2. 14, American Army 
enters Manila, 1898. 15, Battle at Fort Erie, 1814. 16, Battle 
at Bennington, 1777. 17, Louisiana Repeals Ordinance of 
Secession, 1868. 18, Federals seize Weldon Railroad, 1864. 19, 
"Constitution" captures "Guerriere," 181 2. 20, Battles at 
Contreras and Cherubusco, 1847. 21, Battle at Chattanooga, 
1863. 22, Battle at Catlett's Station, 1862. 23, Oliver Hazard 
Perry, naval officer, born, 1785. 24, Battle at Bladensburg, 
1 8 14. 25, American and French fleet start for Yorktown, 1781. 
26, Fort Hatteras expedition, 1861. 27, Battle of Long Island, 
1776. 28, Battle of Centreville, 1862. 29, Battle at Groveton, 

1862. 30, Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas), 1862. 31, 
Battle of Jonesboro, 1864. 

F16I 



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SEPTEMBER 1, Battle of Chantilly, 1862. 2, Union 
Forces occupy Atlanta, 1864. 3, Treaty of Peace between U. S. 
and Great Britain, 1783. 4, Battle at Fort Harrison, 181 2. 5, 
First Continental Congress convenes, 1774. 6, General La- 
fayette, born, 1757. 7, Bombardment of Fort Wagner, 1863. 
8, Battle of Eutaw Springs, 1781. 9, Federals occupy Chatta- 
nooga, Tenn., 1863. 10, Battle of Lake Erie (Perry's Victory), 
181 3. 11, Battle of Plattsburg Bay, 1814. 12, Battle of North 
Point, 1814. 13, Battle of Chapultepec, 1847. 14, Battle of 
South Mountain, 1862. 15, Battle at Harpers Ferry, 1862. 16, 
Battle at Harlem, 1776. 17, Battle of Antietam, 1862. 18, 
Washington and DeGrasse plan siege of Yorktown, 1781. 19, 
Battle of Winchester, 1864. 20, Battle at Chickamauga Creek, 
1863. 21, Battle near Monterey, began, 1846. 22, Battle of 
Fisher's Hill, 1864. 23, "Bon Homme Richard" — "Serapis" 
naval battle, 1779. 24, Zachary Taylor, President, born, 1784. 
25, Battle near Montreal, 1775. 26, Battle of Charlotte, N. C, 
1780. 27, Samuel Adams, born, 1722. 28, Fort Harrison cap- 
tured, 1864. 29, Americans reoccupy Detroit, 181 3. 30, Siege 
of Yorktown, Va., began, 1 78 1 . 

OCTOBER 1, Provincial Congress meets at Salem, 1774. 
2, Pan-American Congress organized, 1889. 3, Battle of Cor- 
inth, 1862. 4, Battle of Germantown, 1777. 5, Battle of the 
Thames, 181 3. 6, Battle at La Vergne, Term., 1862. 7, Battle 
of King's Mountain, 1780. 8, Battle at Perry ville, 1862. 9, 
Alaska transferred to U. S., 1867. 10, Battle at Blue Springs, 
1863. 11, Naval battle on Lake Champlain, 1776. 12, Colum- 
bus discovered America, 1492. 13, Battle of Queenstown 
Heights, 1 81 2. 14, William Penn, born, 1644. 15, Battle at 
Bristow Station, 1863. 16, Brown's insurrection at Harpers 
Ferry, 1859. 17, Battle at Saratoga, 1777. 18, "Wasp" — 
"Frolic" naval battle, 181 2. 19, British surrender at York- 
town, Va., 1 78 1. Battle at Cedar Creek, 1864. 20, Louisiana 
Purchase Treaty ratified, 1803'. 21, Battle at Ball's Bluff, 1861. 
22, Battle at Fort Mercer, 1777. 23, Battle of St. Regis, 181 2. 
24, Battle of Springfield, 1861. 25, "United States" — "Mace- 
donian" naval battle, 181 2. 26, Erie Canal completed, 1825. 
27, Confederate ram "Albemarle" destroyed, 1864. 28, Battle 
of White Plains, 1776. 29, Port Royal expedition sails, 1861. 
30, John Adams, President, born, 1735. 31, Battle at Shell 
Mound, 1863. 



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NOVEMBER 1, Battle of French Creek, 1813. 2, St. 
Johns, Canada, surrenders, 1775. 3, American Army disbanded, 
1783. 4, St. Clair's Defeat by Indians, 1791. 5, Last Conti- 
nental Congress meets, 1787. 6, Pensacola, Fla., occupied by 
Americans, 18 14. 7, Battle of Tippecanoe, 181 1. 8, Behring 
Sea Treaty signed, 1897. 9, Battle of Talladega, 181 3. 10, 
New Netherlands delivered to the English, 1674. 11, Battle of 
Chrysler's Field, 1813. 12, Boundary Treaty with Mexico, 1884. 
13, Montreal surrendered, 1775. 14, Sherman begins march to 
sea from Atlanta, 1864. 15, Articles of Confederation adopted, 
1777. 16, Battle at Fort Washington, 1776. 17, Battle of 
Wahoo Swamp, 1836. 18, Battle of Fishdam Ford, 1780. 19, 
James A. Garfield, President, born, 1831. 20, Battle of Black- 
stocks, 1780. 21, Congress first meets at Washington, 1800. 
22, Battle at Griswold, Ga., 1864. 23, Treaty with Japan, 1894. 

24, Battle of Lookout Mountain, 1863. 25, Battle at Mission- 
ary Ridge, 1863. 26, Ninth Continental Congress meets, 1783. 
27, Battles near Mine Run began, 1863. 28, Tea ships reach 
Boston, 1773. 29, Battle at Knoxville, Tenn., 1863. 30, Battle 
at Franklin, 1864. 

DECEMBER 1, Siege of Knoxville raised, 1863. 2, "Mon- 
roe Doctrine" proclaimed, 1823. 3, Illinois admitted to Union, 
1818. 4, Washington's Farewell Address to his Officers, 1783. 
5, Battle of Coffeeville, Miss., 1862. 6, American Anti-Slavery 
Society organized, 1833. 7, Battle of Prairie Grove, 1862. 8, 
Washington crosses the Delaware River, 1776. 9, Battle at 
Great Bridge, 1775. 10, Spanish American Peace Treaty, signed, 
1898. 11, Federals cross the Rappahannock, 1862. 12, Penn- 
sylvania ratifies Federal Constitution, 1787. 13, Battle of Fred- 
ericksburg, 1862. 14, Charleston, S. C, evacuated by the Brit- 
ish, 1782. 15, Battle of Nashville, 1864. 16, Boston Tea Party, 
1773. 17, Embargo established by Congress, 181 3. 18, Thir- 
teenth Amendment to Constitution, ratified, 1865. 19, Ameri- 
can Army goes into Camp at Valley Forge, 1777. 20, Savannah, 
Ga., evacuated by Confederates, 1864. 21, Pilgrims land at 
Plymouth, 1620. 22, Embargo Law passed, 1807. 23, Battle 
of Econochaca, 181 3. 24, Treaty with Great Britain, 18 14. 

25, Battle of Okeechobee, 1837. 26, Battle of Trenton, 1776. 
27, Battle at Occoquan, 1862. 28, Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, 
1862. 29, Constitution captures Java, 181 2. 30, Gadsden 
Treaty approved, 1853. 31, Battle of Stone River began, 1862. 



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SEAL OF THE COMMONWEALTH 

COUNCIL RECORDS, WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER I3TH, 1780. 

Ordered, That Nathan Cushing, Esqr., be a committee to prepare a 
Seal for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, who reported a device for a 
Seal for said Commonwealth as follows, viz.: SAPPHIRE, an Indian, dressed 
in his Shirt, Moggosins, belted proper, in his right hand a Bow, Topaz, in 
his left an Arrow, its point towards the Base; of the second, on the Dexter 
side of the Indian's head, a Star, Pearl, for one of the United St;.- 
America. 

CREST. On a Wreath a Dexter Arm clothed and ruffled proper, 
grasping a Broad Sword, the Pummel and Hilt, Topaz, with this motto: 
Ense petit placidam Sub Libertate Quietem. And around the Seal: Sigillum 
Reipublicse Aiassachusettensis. 

Advised that the said Report be Accepted as the Arms of the Com- 
monwealth of Massachusetts. 

THE ARMS AND GREAT SEAL OF THE 
COMMONWEALTH 

The arms of the commonwealth shall consist of a shield 
having a blue field or surface with an Indian thereon, dressed 
in a shirt and moccasins, holding in his right hand a bow, and 
in his left hand an arrow, point downward all of gold; and, in 
the upper corner of the field, above his right arm, a silver star 
with five points. The crest shall be a wreath of blue and gold, 
whereon, in gold, shall be a right arm, bent at the elbow, clothed 
and ruffled, with the hand grasping a broadsword. The motto 
shall be "Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem."* 

The coat-of-arms as drawn and emblazoned under the direc- 
tion of the secretary of the commonwealth in the year eighteen 
hundred and ninety-eight and deposited in his office shall be 
the official representation of the coat-of-arms of the common- 
wealth of Massachusetts, and all designs of said coat-of-arms 
for official use shall conform strictly to said representation. 

The great seal of the commonwealth shall be circular in 
form, bearing upon its face a representation of the arms of the 
commonwealth encircled with the inscription, "Sigillum Reipub- 
licae Massachusettensis." The colors of the arms shall not be 



19. 



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an essential part of said seal, but an impression from a seal 
engraved according to said design, on any commission, paper or 
document shall be valid without the use of such colors or the 
representation thereof by the customary heraldic lines or marks. 

The seal of the commonwealth in use in the office of the 
secretary of the commonwealth when this act takes effect shall 
be the authorized seal so long as its use may be continued. 
(Chapter 2, Revised Laws.) 

No person or private corporation shall use the arms or the 
great seal of the commonwealth, nor any representation thereof, 
for any advertising or commercial purpose whatever. (Chapter 
iq5, Acts of 1903.) 



* The motto is the second of 
two lines written about A.D. 1659 
by Algernon Sydney, the famous 
English patriot, in the Book of 
Mottoes in the King's library at 
Copenhagen, Denmark. The com- 
plete phrase is : — 

.... Manus haec inimica tyrannis 
Ense petit placidam sub libertate 
quietem. 

It was adopted in 1775 by the 
provincial congress, when we were 
at war with England, and was in- 
tended as a message to England. 
It is a peaceful motto and means, 
"By the sword we seek peace, but 
peace only under liberty." 




The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 



Secretary of the Commonwealth. 



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COAT-OF-ARMS OF THE COMMONWEALTH 




MOTTO 

"Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem." 
By the sword toe seek peace, but peace only under liberty. 



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FLAG OF THE COMMONWEALTH 

(REVERSE) 




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THE FLAG GOES BY 

By Permission of The Youth's Companion." 
• • 

Hats off! 
Along the street there comes 
A blare of bugles, a ruffle of drums, 
A flash of color beneath the sky ; 

Hats off! 
The flag is passing by. 

Blue and crimson and white it shines, 
Over the steel-tipped, ordered lines. 

Hats off! 
The colors before us fly ; 
But more than the flag is passing by. 

Sea-fights and land-fights, grim and great, 
Fought to make and to save the state ; 
Weary marches and sinking ships, 
Cheers of victory on dying lips; 

Days of plenty and days of peace, 
March of a strong land's swift increase; 
Equal justice, right, and law, 
Stately honor and reverend awe; 

Sign of a nation, great and strong, 
To ward her people from foreign wrong ; 
Pride and glory and honor, all 
Live in colors to stand or fall. 

Hats off! 
Along the street there comes 
A blare of bugles, a ruffle of drums, 
And loyal hearts are beating high. 

Hats off! 
The flag is passing by. 

— Henry Holcomb Bennett. 



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